6 Essential Nutrients
Vitamins
Minerals
Protein
Protein Sources: Lentils, Eggs, Quinoa, Nuts, Beans, Tofu, Beef, Chickpeas, Edamame, Fish, Green Peas, Greek Yogurt, Chia Seed, Legume, Milk, Pumpkin Seeds, Black Beans, Chicken Breast, Dairy Products
Fats
Water
Carbohydrates
13 Essential Vitamins
Vitamin A
Includes retinol, retinal, retinyl esters, and retinoic acid and are also referred to as "preformed" vitamin A. Beta carotene can easily be converted to vitamin A as needed.
The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for vitamin A is 900 mcg (3,000 IU) for men and 700 mcg (2,333 IU) per day for women — which can be easily reached by following a whole-foods diet. However, it's important not to exceed the tolerable upper limit (UL) of 10,000 IU (3,000 mcg) for adults to prevent toxicity.
Sources of retinoids: beef liver, eggs, shrimp, fish, fortified milk, butter, cheddar cheese, Swiss cheese
Sources of beta carotene: sweet potatoes, carrots, pumpkins, squash, spinach, mangoes, turnip greens
There's no evidence the beta-carotene we get from food is harmful.
But beta-carotene supplements have been found to increase the risk of lung cancer in people who smoke or have been heavily exposed to asbestos at work. Do not take more than 7mg of beta-carotene supplements a day unless advised to by a doctor.
B Vitamins
Thiamine (B1)
Helps convert food into energy. Needed for healthy skin, hair, muscles, and brain and is critical for nerve function.
M: 1.2 mg, W: 1.1 mg
Pork chops, brown rice, ham, soy milk, watermelons, acorn squash
Riboflavin (B2)
Helps convert food into energy. Needed for healthy skin, hair, blood, and brain
M: 1.3 mg, W: 1.1 mg
Milk, eggs, yogurt, cheese, meats, green leafy vegetables, whole and enriched grains and cereals.
Niacin (B3)
Helps convert food into energy. Essential for healthy skin, blood cells, brain, and nervous system
M: 16 mg, W: 14 mg
Upper Limit: 35 mg
Food Sources: Meat, poultry, fish, fortified and whole grains, mushrooms, potatoes, peanut butter
Pantothenic Acid (B5)
Helps convert food into energy. Helps make lipids (fats), neurotransmitters, steroid hormones, and hemoglobin
M: 5 mg, W: 5 mg
Wide variety of nutritious foods, including chicken, egg yolk, whole grains, broccoli, mushrooms, avocados, tomato products
Pyridoxal (B6)
Aids in lowering homocysteine levels and may reduce the risk of heart diseaseHelps convert tryptophan to niacin and serotonin, a neurotransmitter that plays key roles in sleep, appetite, and moods. Helps make red blood cells Influences cognitive abilities and immune function
31–50 years old: M: 1.3 mg, W: 1.3 mg; 51+ years old: M: 1.7 mg, W: 1.5 mg
UL: 100 mg
Meat, fish, poultry, legumes, tofu and other soy products, potatoes, noncitrus fruits such as bananas and watermelons
Many people don't get enough of this nutrient.
Folate/Folic Acid/Folacin (B9)
Vital for new cell creationHelps prevent brain and spine birth defects when taken early in pregnancy; should be taken regularly by all women of child-bearing age since women may not know they are pregnant in the first weeks of pregnancy. Can lower levels of homocysteine and may reduce heart disease risk May reduce risk for colon cancer. Offsets breast cancer risk among women who consume alcohol.
Cobalamin (B12)
Aids in lowering homocysteine levels and may lower the risk of heart disease. Assists in making new cells and breaking down some fatty acids and amino acids. Protects nerve cells and encourages their normal growth Helps make red blood cells and DNA
M: 2.4 mcg, W: 2.4 mcg
Sources: Meat, poultry, fish, milk, cheese, eggs, fortified cereals, fortified soy milk
Some people, particularly older adults, are deficient in vitamin B12 because they have trouble absorbing this vitamin from food. Those on a vegan or vegetarian diet often don't get enough B12 as it's mostly found in animal products. They may need to take supplements. A lack of vitamin B12 can cause memory loss, dementia, and numbness in the arms and legs.
Biotin
Helps convert food into energy and synthesize glucose. Helps make and break down some fatty acids. Needed for healthy bones and hair
M: 30 mcg, W: 30 mcg
Many foods, including whole grains, organ meats, egg yolks, soybeans, and fish
Some is made by bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. However, it's not clear how much of this the body absorbs.
Vitamin C
Foods rich in vitamin C may lower the risk for some cancers, including those of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and breast. Long-term use of supplemental vitamin C may protect against cataracts. Helps make collagen, a connective tissue that knits together wounds and supports blood vessel walls. Helps make the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine Acts as an antioxidant, neutralizing unstable molecules that can damage cells. Bolsters the immune system
M: 90 mg, W: 75 mg Smokers: Add 35 mg
UL: 2,000 mg
Fruits and fruit juices (especially citrus), potatoes, broccoli, bell peppers, spinach, strawberries, tomatoes, Brussels sprouts
Vitamin D/CALCIFEROL
Helps maintain normal blood levels of calcium and phosphorus, which strengthen bones. Helps form teeth and bones. Supplements can reduce the number of non-spinal fractures
31–70: 15 mcg (600 IU) 71+: 20 mcg (800 IU)
UL: 50 mcg (2,000 IU)
Fortified milk or margarine, fortified cereals, fatty fish
Many people don't get enough of this nutrient. While the body uses sunlight to make vitamin D, it cannot make enough if you live in northern climates or don't spend much time in the sun.
Vitamin E/ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL
Acts as an antioxidant, neutralizing unstable molecules that can damage cells. Protects vitamin A and certain lipids from damage. Diets rich in vitamin E may help prevent Alzheimer's disease.
M: 15 mg, W: 15 mg (15 mg equals about 22 IU from natural sources of vitamin E and 33 IU from synthetic vitamin E)
UL: 1,000 mg (nearly 1,500 IU natural vitamin E; 2,200 IU synthetic)
Wide variety of foods, including vegetable oils, salad dressings and margarines made with vegetable oils, wheat germ, leafy green vegetables, whole grains, nuts
Vitamin K/PHYLLOQUINONE/MENADIONE
Activates proteins and calcium essential to blood clotting. May help prevent hip fractures
M: 120 mcg, W: 90 mcg
Cabbage, liver, eggs, milk, spinach, broccoli, sprouts, kale, collards, and other green vegetables
VITAMIN B6 (PYRIDOXINE)
Water soluble
Utilized by more than one hundred enzymes involved in metabolism
Foods: Wild-caught fish, grass-fed beef, chicken, sweet potato, spinach, banana
MAGNESIUM
ZINC
VITAMIN B2 (RIBOFLAVIN)
Essential Minerals
Calcium
Builds and protects bones and teeth. Helps with muscle contractions and relaxation, blood clotting, and nerve impulse transmission. Plays a role in hormone secretion and enzyme activation. Helps maintain healthy blood pressure
31–50: M: 1,000 mg, W: 1,000 mg
51-70: M: 1,000 mg, W: 1,200 mg,
71+: M: 1,200 mg, W: 1,200 mg
UL: 2,500 mg
Yogurt, cheese, milk, tofu, sardines, salmon, fortified juices, leafy green vegetables, such as broccoli and kale (but not spinach or Swiss chard, which have binders that lessen absorption)
Adults absorb roughly 30% of calcium ingested, but this can vary depending on the source. Diets very high in calcium may increase the risk of prostate cancer.
Phosphorus
Helps build and protect bones and teeth. Part of DNA and RNA. Helps convert food into energy. Part of phospholipids, which carry lipids in blood and help shuttle nutrients into and out of cells
M: 700 mg, W: 700 mg
UL: 31–70: 4,000 mg 71+: 3,000 mg
Wide variety of foods, including milk and dairy products, meat, fish, poultry, eggs, liver, green peas, broccoli, potatoes, almonds
Potassium
Balances fluids in the body. Helps maintain steady heartbeat and send nerve impulses. Needed for muscle contractions. A diet rich in potassium seems to lower blood pressure. Getting enough potassium from your diet may benefit bones
M: 4.7 g, W: 4.7 g
Meat, milk, fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes
Food sources do not cause toxicity, but high-dose supplements might.
Sodium
Balances fluids in the body. Helps send nerve impulses. Needed for muscle contractions. Impacts blood pressure; even modest reductions in salt consumption can lower blood pressure
M: 2,300 mg, W: 2,300 mg
Salt, soy sauce, processed foods, vegetables
While experts recommend that people limit sodium intake to 2,300 mg, most Americans consume 4,000–6,000 mg a day.
Chloride
Balances fluids in the body. A component of stomach acid, essential to digestion
14-50: M/W: 2.3 g
51-70 M/W: 2.0 g
71+: M/W: 1.8 g
Salt (sodium chloride), soy sauce, processed foods
Magnesium
Needed for many chemical reactions in the body. Works with calcium in muscle contraction, blood clotting, and regulation of blood pressure. Helps build bones and teeth.
18+: M: 420 mg, W: 320 mg
UL: 350 mg (Note: This upper limit applies to supplements and medicines, such as laxatives, not to dietary magnesium.)
Green vegetables such as spinach and broccoli, legumes, cashews, sunflower seeds and other seeds, halibut, whole-wheat bread, milk
Iron
Helps hemoglobin in red blood cells and myoglobin in muscle cells ferry oxygen throughout the body. Needed for chemical reactions in the body and for making amino acids, collagen, neurotransmitters, and hormones
19–50: M: 8 mg, W: 18 mg
51+: M: 8 mg, W: 8 mg
UL: 45 mg
Red meat, poultry, eggs, fruits, green vegetables, fortified bread and grain products
Many women of childbearing age don't get enough iron. Women who do not menstruate probably need the same amount of iron as men. Because iron is harder to absorb from plants, experts suggest vegetarians get twice the recommended amount (assuming the source is food).
Zinc
Helps form many enzymes and proteins and create new cells. Frees vitamin A from storage in the liver. Needed for immune system, taste, smell, and wound healing. When taken with certain antioxidants, zinc may delay the progression of age-related macular degeneration
M: 11 mg, W: 8 mg
UL: 40 mg
Red meat, poultry, oysters and some other seafood, fortified cereals, beans, nuts
Because vegetarians absorb less zinc, experts suggest that they get twice the recommended requirement of zinc from plant foods.
Iodine
Part of thyroid hormone, which helps set body temperature and influences nerve and muscle function, reproduction, and growth. Prevents goiter and a congenital thyroid disorder
M: 150 mcg, W: 150 mcg
UL: 1,100 mcg
Iodized salt, processed foods, seafood
Sulfur
Helps form bridges that shape and stabilize some protein structures. Needed for healthy hair, skin, and nails
Protein-rich foods, such as meats, fish, poultry, nuts, legumes
Sulfur is a component of thiamin and certain amino acids. There is no recommended amount for sulfur. Deficiencies occur only with a severe lack of protein.
Cobalt
Copper
Plays an important role in iron metabolism and immune system. Helps make red blood cells
M: 900 mcg, W: 900 mcg
UL: 10,000 mcg
Liver, shellfish, nuts, seeds, whole-grain products, beans, prunes, cocoa, black pepper
Fluoride
Encourages strong bone formation. Keeps dental cavities from starting or worsening
M: 4 mg, W: 3 mg
UL: 10 mg
Water that is fluoridated, toothpaste with fluoride, marine fish, teas
Manganese
Helps form bones. Helps metabolize amino acids, cholesterol, and carbohydrates
M: 2.3 mg, W: 1.8 mg
UL: 11 mg
Fish, nuts, legumes, whole grains, tea
Selenium
Acts as an antioxidant, neutralizing unstable molecules that can damage cells. Helps regulate thyroid hormone activity
M: 55 mcg, W: 55 mcg
UL: 400 mcg
Organ meats, seafood, walnuts, sometimes plants (depends on soil content), grain products